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What bias or error is introduced in this process?.How do we link this information to an objective or to an expectation?.How do we reconstruct the information contained in the message?.This mental process can be summarized as: The following provides an overview and discussion of factors involved in effective pilot-controller communications.Ħ.1 Human factors aspects in effective communicationĮffective communication is achieved when our mental process is able to accommodate and to interpret the information contained in a message. Many factors are closely interrelated, and more than one cause usually is involved in a breakdown of the communications loop. Pilots and controllers are involved equally in the air traffic management system.Īchieving effective radio communication involves many factors that should not be considered in isolation. Operational deviation (nonadherence to legal requirements)Ħ Achieving Effective Communications - Obstacles and Lessons Learned.Readback and hearback errors may result in one or more of the following types of events, ranked by the number observed in 19 (NASA ASRS, 1994):
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Whenever adverse factors are likely to affect communications, strict adherence to this closed loop constitutes a line of defense against communications errors.
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The pilot-controller communication loop constitutes a confirmation and correction process that ensures the integrity of communications. The pilot-controller communication loop supports the safety and redundancy of pilot-controller communications, as illustrated by Figure 1.įigure 1 The Pilot-Controller Communication Loop This shared responsibility is intended to compensate for communications failures that might affect safety.ĥ The Pilot-Controller Communication Loop The responsibilities of the pilot and controller intentionally overlap in many areas to provide redundancy. Incorrect or inadequate ATC instructions (e.g., radar vectors), weather or traffic information, and advice or service in emergencies are causal factors in more than 30 percent of approach and landing accidents.Īlthough pilot-controller communications are not limited to the issuance and acknowledgement of clearances, this briefing note primarily refers to clearances because they provide a convenient example to illustrate this overview. Table 2 Communication Factors in NASA ASRS Reports The survey also reveals how various modes of communications are affected: Mode of Communication Table 1 Communication Factors in NASA ASRS Reports National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aviation Safety Reporting System ( Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS)) database identifies the following factors affecting pilot-controller communications: Factor Incorrect or incomplete pilot-controller communication is a causal or circumstantial factor in 80 percent of incidents or accidents, as illustrated in Table 1.Ī survey of the U.S. It may be used to develop a company awareness program for enhancing pilot-controller communications. This briefing note provides an overview of various factors that may affect pilot-controller communications. Until controller-pilot data link communication (CPDLC) comes into widespread use, air traffic control (ATC) will depend upon voice communications that are affected by various factors.Īircraft operators and air traffic management (ATM) providers, like pilots and controllers, are close partners in terms of “productivity” for enhancing the airport and airspace flow capacity operators and ATM should also be close partners in terms of “safety” or risk management.Ĭommunication between controllers and pilots can be improved by the mutual understanding of each other’s operating environment.